pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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