Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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