As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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