Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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