Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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