The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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