A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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