Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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