Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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