A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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