Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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