One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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