Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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