A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin