The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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