Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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