A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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