Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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