When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
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