“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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