Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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