As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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