Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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