Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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