Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin