First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin