Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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