To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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