The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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