Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin