Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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