The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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