Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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