A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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